Definition
Takeoff or landing operations with a wind component across the runway direction.
Why it matters
Crosswind and gusts reduce directional and ground-clearance margins, particularly during flare and rollout.
Questions that turn reading into a defensible review
A strong review separates the event description, possible precursors, recorded evidence, approved criteria, and the final safety decision.
What exactly is being examined?
Takeoff or landing operations with a wind component across the runway direction.
Which conditions could build the exposure?
Gusts or rapid wind shifts; Late or excessive de-crab input.
What evidence would strengthen the picture?
Wind component, roll, heading/track, lateral acceleration, and touchdown order Runway-centerline deviation
What must remain authoritative?
Current approved aircraft data, operator procedures, investigation findings, and the source document’s own scope control any operational conclusion.
Timeline, aircraft state, relationships, and recurrence
Radio altitude, Calibrated airspeed, Pitch attitude, Roll angle, Landing gear status can contribute to a synchronized event picture when their mappings, units, sampling, and flight-phase logic are validated.
Cause, intent, compliance, and technical disposition
An FDM alert or pattern is not by itself a causal finding, judgement of individual performance, regulatory conclusion, or aircraft maintenance and airworthiness determination.
Reports, approved criteria, context, and authoritative evidence
Combine the recorded picture with applicable procedures, crew and operational reports, weather or airport information, technical evidence, and the linked official publications and investigation sources.
Crosswind control margins
Track, heading, bank, and runway-relative motion converge during de-crab and touchdown.
Common causes and precursors
- →
Gusts or rapid wind shifts
- →
Late or excessive de-crab input
- →
Runway condition and technique mismatch
Operational risks
- R1
Wingtip or engine strike
- R2
Hard landing
- R3
Lateral runway excursion
Guidance themes
These are cross-source themes for orientation. Apply only the current, approved material for the aircraft and operation.
- Apply approved wind limits and technique
- Include gusts and runway state
- Go around when alignment or control is unsatisfactory
Safety actions to consider
Review runway-specific wind patterns
Train gust and bounced-landing scenarios
Trend excess bank near ground
Parameters that help explain the event
A useful event picture comes from signal relationships—not a single exceedance or a generic threshold.
Radio altitude
Radio altitude provides the low-height reference needed to align approach gates, flare, touchdown, warning, and go-around events.
Open parameter guide ↗ktCalibrated airspeed
Speed relative to the applicable target and configuration is central to energy management, approach stability, runway performance, and stall margin.
Open parameter guide ↗degPitch attitude
Pitch shows rotation, flare, stall response, and potential tail-clearance context when combined with gear geometry and radio altitude.
Open parameter guide ↗degRoll angle
Near the runway, roll angle affects wingtip or engine clearance, crosswind alignment, touchdown sequence, and lateral control margins.
Open parameter guide ↗discreteLanding gear status
Gear and weight-on-wheels transitions anchor takeoff, touchdown, bounce, go-around, braking, spoiler, and reverser logic.
Open parameter guide ↗Recommended monitoring questions
Wind component, roll, heading/track, lateral acceleration, and touchdown order
Runway-centerline deviation
Cases that add context
ASIP provides a concise learning index. The investigation authority report remains the definitive source.
Editor-reviewed starting points
These records include a deeper ASIP editorial review. Continue to the full evidence index below for direct matches and broader manufacturer, regulator, and investigation reading.
AC 91-79B — Aircraft Landing Performance and Runway Excursion Mitigation
This FAA circular brings together landing-performance planning, time-of-arrival assessment, RCAM information, and operational practices for reducing runway-excursion risk.
Official sourceCAP 739 — Flight Data Monitoring, Second Edition
CAP 739 presents FDM as the systematic, proactive use of routine digital flight data within a non-punitive, just safety culture.
Official sourceTitle or indexed metadata explicitly matches this topic.
Related collection material for adjacent systems, phases, and defenses.
Manufacturer, regulator, investigation, and safety-organization sources.
Where the reading comes from
66 source records
Official links · no copied report files66 source records match the current evidence filters.
Airbus Crosswind Development and Certification
Official Airbus Safety First material indexed for aviation safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 23001 — Potential Damage to Nose Landing Gear (NLG) by Improper Towing Procedures of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Regional Jet (MHIRJ) (formerly Bombardier) CL-600-2B19, CL-600-2C10 and CL-600-2D24 Airplanes
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and ground operations. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 22001 — SAFO 22001, Recommended Procedures for Operators of Boeing DC-9/MD-80 Series and B717 Model Airplanes When Wind/Ground Gusts Meet or Exceed Criteria Specified in the Applicable Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM)
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for weather and maintenance. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 21004 — SAFO 21004, Air Traffic Control (ATC) Notification and Pilot Awareness When Conducting an Instrument Landing System (ILS) Autoland Procedure
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and human factors. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 18009 — SAFO 18009, Risk of Runway Number Transposition Leading to a possible "Runway Overrun" During Takeoff at San Francisco International Airport ( SFO )
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and takeoff. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 17011 — SAFO 17011, Runway Status Lights ( RWSL )
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 17012 — SAFO 17012, High Collision Risk During Runway Crossing
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 16008 — SAFO 16008, Reducing the Risk of Runway Excursions During Takeoff
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and takeoff. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 16009 — SAFO 16009, Runway Assessment and Condition Reporting, Effective October 1, 2016
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 11004 — Runway Incursion Prevention Actions
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 11009 — Runway Status Lights ( RWSL ), for posting on the FAA public website for SAFOs
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 11011 — Runway Excursions at Jackson Hole Airport ( JAC )
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 10001 — Possible effects of Thickened Anti-icing Fluids on Takeoff Rotation for Airplanes withUnpowered Elevator Controls
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for takeoff and weather. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 10006 — In-Flight Icing Operations and Training Recommendations
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for weather and human factors. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 10007 — Tundra Tire Installation/Approval for Airplanes Equipped with Leaf Spring Type Main Landing Gear
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and airworthiness and systems. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 09016 — Rejected Landing Due to Loss of Visibility
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and takeoff. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 09017 — Training for Bombardier Learjet 60 (Learjet 60) Pilots on Inadvertent Thrust Reverser Stowageon Takeoff and Landing
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and takeoff. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceSAFO 08003 — Guidance Material for Contaminated Runway Landing Operations
Official U.S. Federal Aviation Administration material indexed for approach and landing and runway safety. Open the publisher source for the complete document, scope, and current status.
Open official sourceLessons learned
1A reported steady wind may hide the critical gust
2Alignment and ground clearance must be managed together